Elements of Genre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Elements of Genre - Essay Example Thrillers are meant to instill a high sense of excitement in the movie-goer, as well as a good amount of anxiety, high-heart rates, and nervous tension as the characters struggle for survival against both internal and external survival threats. Directors use these elements of tension masterfully on their audiences, and can easily manipulate an audience’s level of anxiety or suspense with clever usage of music, action sequence, and dialogue. Movie-goers willfully oblige the director, eager to suspend belief and throw their emotions into the director’s crafty hands which increase or decrease the related tension and anxiety throughout the film as they bring the audience along for the ride. In three â€Å"thriller/suspense† genre films, â€Å"The Black Lagoon,† â€Å"The Planet of the Apes,† and â€Å"The Shining,† the directors masterfully utilize these elements to build tension and anxiety in the movie-goer. In all three movie clips, there is a noted lack of dialogue and a reliance on music and mood to increase the tension in the scene. The directors use music to build tension and signal to the movie goer that action is about to take place, create a crescendo of tension, and also bring the viewer down from the thrills he or she just experienced.

Dr. Frederick Banting and he's achievements in medicine Essay

Dr. Frederick Banting and he's achievements in medicine - Essay Example Early in 1921, at the University of Toronto, Banting took his idea to Professor John MacLeod, who was a foremost figure in the study of diabetes in Canada. Bantings theories weren’t appreciated by him. Regardless of this Banting managed to encourage him that his plan was worth trying. Few equipment and ten dogs were given to Banting by MacLeod. Banting also got a helper, Charles Best, a medical student (Mulcahy 77). The experiment was set to start in the summer of 1921. He proved his idea correct and discovered insulin. At the University of Toronto in 1922 he was appointed as a Senior Demonstrator in Medicine. The same year he was chosen to the new Banting and Best Chair of Medical Research. Toronto General, the Hospital for Sick Children, and the Toronto Western Hospital also used his services as an Honorary Consulting Physician.   He researched  silicosis, cancer, and the mechanisms of drowning at the Banting and Best Institute. In his days no one had ever heard of insulin. By his hypothesis the world got to know that a  part of the pancreas formed a matter that could cure diabetes. He had two basic perceptions that discovered insulin. The first was that changing the pancreas to separate the islets of Langerhans may make a key substance. His second insight can be said as the cross field analogy. The earliest people to ever be given insulin were Frederick Banting and Charles Best - they gave each other insulin to observe if it was secure for humans. Fredrick Banting was invited by MacLeod, a trained biochemist to join the research team. This team still had to experiment this extract on humans. On January 23, 1922, they tried this extract on a 14-year-old boy dying of diabetes, at Toronto General Hospital. They gave the boy an extract that Collip had prepared and purified from an ox pancreas. He was the very first human to have given

Commercial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Commercial - Essay Example According to Sale of Goods Act 1979, under Section 18, if the contract is unconditional the property in the goods passes to the buyer when the contract is made immaterial of the time of payment or delivery. Kevin has given his assent for unconditional appropriation of the aquarium to the contract. As part of the deal, Jackie agreed to dismantle the aquarium, package it for transit and arrange for it to be sent to Kevin’s premises. Under Section 32 (1) of the Act, if the seller is required to send the goods, delivery of goods to a career whether named by the buyer or not for transmission to the buyer is deemed to be delivery in performance of the contract, unless there is evidence to the contrary. However this is subject to Section 32 (2) which stipulates unless otherwise authorized by the buyer, the seller must make such contract with the carrier on behalf of the buyer as may be reasonable, having regard to the nature of the goods and the other circumstances of the case. It is not clearly stated whether the aquarium has been insured. If the consignment has been insured Kevin can claim compensation from the insurance company. If Jackie has failed to insure the aquarium as a prudent buyer would have done, then the buyer may decline to treat the delivery to carrier as a delivery to him, or hold Jackie responsible in damages under the normal circumstances. However, the statement â€Å"As part of the deal, Jackie agreed to dismantle the aquarium, package it for transit and arrange for it to be sent to Kevin’s premises by the end of the week† indicates that Jackie has complied with the instructions of Kevin and done as he has been authorised. Advice: Jackie has made delivery according to the contractual terms. He cannot he held responsible in damages or loss. 2. Sale of canary feed to Leah Facts of the case: On Thursday morning Leah placed an order for 75 bags of canary feed for despatch on Monday. The order was accepted and the payment to be mad e within 10 days of despatch. On Thursday evening, Jackie discovered that some of her stock records were incorrect and that there were in fact just 25 bags of canary feed. Jackie has now contacted Leah to cancel the contract. Analysis: The contract was based on valid offer, acceptance and consideration. The agreement was legally binding as there were intentions on the part of Jackie and Leah to create legal relations. The offer cannot be considered ‘invitation to treat’. Therefore, Jackie has the duty to deliver canary feed. Otherwise, she is liable for action in damages for non delivery under section 51.

High School Dropouts Essay Example for Free

High School Dropouts Essay Dropping out of optional school is an issue defied by various teenagers today. It happens in view of several essential standard reasons. One is normally an unlucky deficiency of companionship in extracurricular activities. An exchange turns around the people not being capable in asking for that their youths keep tabs on staying in school. A third cause is the nonattendance of effort pushed by learners to be productive in their studies. Why do young people lose their venture in school? The focus when individuals are not extraordinary with their studies it as often as possible starts a critical plunging winding in their devotion to class. When they feel less positive about school they all things considered are less fascinated by extracurricular activities recreations, music, and clubs. For various learners, it is their accomplishment in extracurricular activities that fills their aching to stay in school. Accepting that individuals have no attainment in either academic or extracurricular activities they have no inspiring strengths to take off to class Consequently, they have no connection to their school. An overabundance of people is not firm enough with their children and their direction. People disregard to urge their children the centrality of staying in school and that dropping-out is contrary to their future. All over there high scholars drop-out as a consequence of an unlucky deficiency of trepidation instilled into them by their people. Various young people have for all intents and purpose zero parental supervision. Coupled with a nonappearance of social capacities between people and youths, the impact could be an unlucky deficiency of commitment with school. There is a nonattendance of exertion set forth by a significant number of todays people. They appear to be truly languid and have no order regarding the matter of their studies. Constant disappointment is regularly a solution for colossal over-burden and anxiety. It has a tendency to measure to the satisfying toward oneself prediction of dropping-out. Dropping-out is their just escape. Dropping-out could be counteracted. Offering youngsters on the profits of staying in school requires consistent exertion and an extraordinary use of time. Folks must be the entire more in tune with their youngsters needs and cravings and be ready to help them adapt to their inconveniences. Folks must be stronger in swaying their youngsters to stay in school. In any case teenagers themselves must take the activity to acknowledge obligation regarding their future and they must set forth more exertion into their studies. Learners fruitful association in additional curricular exercises is useful in raising their regard toward oneself. These strategies for aversion may appear intemperate however the effects exceed the introductory battle.

Eyewitness Testimony Essay

Eyewitness Testimony Essay The use of eyewitness testimony is infamously a primary source of evidence used within the judicial system around the world; however its use has raised various questions as to its reliability and validity especially within court cases. This essay explored first of all, the biological factors of memory and recollection of memories within the human brain. Memories are believed to be stored and processed within the hippocampus part of the brain where it goes through the multi-store model (Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968). This is where danger of the reliability of memory occurs. It was argued that eyewitness testimony is a reliable form of evidence especially with its validity in terms of the events leading up to the use of EWT; what is deemed important information is believed to be remembered more clearly. Sigmund Freud (1920) suggested that memories can only be retrieved by encouraging remembering past episodes and re-instating these past memories into their consciousness. Psychologists N ibett and Ross (1980) quoted that the reason why eyewitness testimony is persuasive is that it influences the jury on a deeper level. However, eyewitness testimony posed more disadvantages than advantages with the various factors that affect it such as weapons focus in incidents involving weapons which cause distractions and loss of memories. The primary psychologist that tested the use of memory was Elizabeth Loftus who conducted various experiment to test this, such as the Automobile Destruction experiment in the 1970s. After having collated all the arguments together, it was suggested that improvements must be made in order to improve the quality of eyewitness testimony; these included the legal system and police forces involvement in collating information as quickly as possible. The most imperative form of evidence when investigating a crime is the honesty of witnesses on trial, the application of eyewitness testimony. Though the use of eyewitness testimony by juries is considered most valuable, the question of fallibility of witness statements poses various problems and issues. Eyewitness testimony has been a thriving aspect of the Criminal Justice System, an incredible amount of research into this element of cognitive psychology questions the reliability of peoples memory especially using it as evidence to determine the outcome of the trial and convictions. Research into the reliability of evidence, often referred to as witness psychology is renowned as being the longest established area of law and psychology, dating back to the beginning of the 20th century.  [1]   The area of eyewitness testimony has always posed a problem with reliability and the effectiveness of human memory. Human memory is described by cognitive psychologists Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)  [2]  as a three stage theory in which memory is modelled in, this memory stage model is called the Multi-Store Model. The Multi-store model theory consists of the memory being divided into three stages, the first stage being the sensory store, the second stage is the short term memory (working memory) and the third being long term memory. The transfer of information from one store to another is controlled by the process of attention and rehearsal of memories. One of the most critical assumptions made by cognitive psychologists is that the human mind has a limited capacity for processing information. Therefore, any external information that the environment consists of is often very difficult for the human mind to assimilate and process; so people are selective about what information is to be retrieved and this is otherwise known as attention, where some information is assimilated while other pieces are ignored. The first stage of the multi-store model, the sensory store, is where the information from the senses (iconic, echoic, tactile, olfactory and gustatory), is transferred into but this is only for a very short period of time. The initial information retrieved by the senses is then transferred into the short term memory store; this is transferred through attention given to the information transferred from the senses involved. When the information has been transferred into the short-term memory store, this is the store concerned with forgetting information and this information is ultimately lost entirely. Therefore, for information to be remained in the memory, from the short term store into the long term store, the information must be rehearsed. Rehearsal is the cycling of information through the memory, this rehearsal of memory can be carried out in two different methods. Therefore this essay will investigate whether the application of eyewitness testimony statements is a reliable form of evidence to be used by the judicial system. Furthermore, this essay will argue whether eyewitness testimony is ideal to use as one of the most important pieces of evidence to use or whether the application of eyewitness testimony is fallible. After comparing for and against the reliability of eyewitness accounts, an evaluation will be drawn over how eyewitness testimony can be improved to an extent where it can be further accurate. This essay will explore the elements of eyewitness testimony and how these factors can determine whether an eyewitness account is accurate. These elements include the effect of weapon focus on witness memory, how leading questions can manipulate witness statements and recollection of memory, reconstructive errors of memory and the application of psychological experiments when exploring the function of these elements on the human memory. Th e application of the eyewitness testimony includes multiple formal questioning sessions with witnesses on trial, taking statements of the events witnessed and witnesses appearing in court with the jury. The issue of integrity when applying eyewitness testimony accounts is delegated to the jury, who are assigned the role of determining the judgement of whether the eyewitness statements are fallible or reliable  [3]  . The use of eyewitness testimony has a profound and compelling effect on the outcome of a trial and conviction, and this is why an accurate eyewitness testimony is needed in order to gain justice. The Aspects of Eyewitness Testimony As a consequence of the limitations of information processing in the human mind, witness statements need to be reviewed for accuracy and if any external factors of either the environment or the function of memory may have affected the outcome of the witness account  [4]  . Quite often, when the memory cannot recall the entire incident or situation, it may result in the unknown areas being replaced by events that may never have took place in reality but the mind may perceive as a potential occurrence and therefore causes fallibility in the eyewitness testimony. In essence, the memory may fill in gaps where it fails to recall what may have happened  [5]  . Many factors affect eyewitness memories which are illustrated below: Interference of Memory Processing: The period of time that has lapsed between the witnessing of the incident and the questioning of the eyewitness can determine the amount of information that the witness can recall. On the other hand, interference which is the loss of old stimuli as a result of new information can also subsequently reduce the accuracy of eyewitness accounts.  [6]   Leading Questions in Witness Interviews: A leading question in its form or content, suggests to the witness being interviewed what answer is desired or leads them to the desired answer. Some questions can often be made more suggestive than others and these questions the legal concept of a leading question. The main pioneer for investigating the consequences of particular leading questions was Elizabeth F. Loftus in 1974.  [7]   Schemas: The human mind has evolved its memory capacity and the ability to remember certain aspects by organising information into categories, otherwise known as schemas  [8]  . Schemas help organise memories that can consist of familiar people, objects and situations and allow people to understand and act appropriately to whatever is encountered. Arousal, Anxiety and Violence Distraction: Quite often, cognitive psychologists have questioned the poor recall of eyewitness accounts is primarily a result of where their attention is focused upon. A possible reason for arousal, anxiety and violence distraction could be that a violent incident, with the use of weapons, draws the focus of the witnesss attention away from who is causing this anxiety, which results in little or no processing of other information.  [9]   Weapon Focus: When a witness views a crime in which a weapon is used as a method of violence and distraction, the weapon achieves its purpose in distracting the attention of those witnessing the crime. The distraction affects the witnesss attention due to the potential threat of violence9. External Influences: Quite often, external influences can affect the accuracy of eyewitness accounts, especially if the media has been influencing the events that have taken place. The witness may re-interpret their witness statements to match what the media has claimed may have existed or happened. Apart from the media, other external influences may include other witness accounts of what happened and/or the type of environment that the situation may have occurred in, e.g. in darkness, low-lit room etc. Conformity: Through the questioning process that witnesses must endure, group questioning in particular, gives into reason the reliability of witness recollections as they may conform in order to fit each others interpretation of what happened. Reliability of Eyewitness Testimony The use of eyewitness testimony has provided crucial evidence that can often lead to the identification and arrest of a criminal suspect or a hazardous event can be avoided. Eyewitness testimony impacts strongly upon the trial process and the verdicts that are given by the jury are quite often influenced heavily by eyewitness accounts. Stern and Dunning, 1994  [10]  quoted that eyewitness testimony is perhaps the most compelling types of evidence presented to police investigations and criminal trials. Although the human memory and its information processing ability, has substantial amounts of limitations that can lead to invalidity and inaccuracy, it does however, demonstrate a unique ability to process information where the acquired stimulus information is stored. The human mind can potentially hold millions of pieces of information, though not all at once, which when acquired by the brain can be reinstated and remembered. The memories that the mind deems as important for growth and use consistently is life are episonic which represents the episode of the memory where as certain skill or piece of information; semantic which identifies what that piece of information consists of and what it is and finally procedural which processes who that information is to be used or handled. For example, teaching a child how to read a book at a particular age is episonic, knowing what a book is, is semantic and how to read the words in a book would be procedural.  [11]   The process of information being transferred from the short term memory into the long term memory was an experiment conducted by psychologists Welch and Burnett in 1924. The experiment was to test the theory of the serial position curve where it consisted of the subjects being presented with a list of 16 words in which they had to recall in order. The results of this experiment, illustrated the serial position curve in which the recollection of words and the results of the experiment were graphed and this illustrated a curve effect were the last recalled words were remembered best whereas the words in the middle of the recall were remembered poorly. Cognitive psychologist, Sigmund Freud believed that memories were allocated in the brain  [12]  . Freud referred to these memories as true memories and described that they lay deep in the unconscious element of the brain, where they lay undisturbed as a factor of surface mental activity. Freud insisted that these memories were never lost or forgotten as they are only inaccessible and latent, having become a part of the unconscious  [13]  . For these memories to be accessed, Freud promoted the technique free association. By encouraging witnesses to reminisce about past episodes that have occurred within their lives, Freud insinuated that they could reinstate long-forgotten yet important memories from their past into their consciousness. However, it can be argued that the true memories that Freud insisted exist in the human sub-conscious are in fact potential complex blendings of both fact and fiction. Memory is an extremely fragile aspect of the human mind that can potentially be supplemented, altered and reconstructed by external stimuli that can question an event that may never have occurred. However, it is argued that the human mind is capable of remembering significant pieces of information that is considered vital and important. This is considered one of the key factors in which juries do consider eyewitness testimony accounts as a vital piece of evidence. Psychologists Nibett and Ross, 1980 quoted that the reason why eyewitness testimony is persuasive is that vivid testimonies have a strong impact on observers so this conclusively means that they are easier to remember especially upon the jury  [14]  . Though the potential invalidity of eyewitness accounts is extensive, error made in witness accounts are extraneous when the observers are able to distinguish between accurate and inaccurate witnesses  [15]  . However, there may be a possibility that the eyewitness account is accurate but leading questions by the criminal investigation team may provoke the memory to be changed to fit the question or the most relevant and fitting answer  [16]  . The Unreliability of Eyewitness Testimony The malleability of eyewitness accounts demonstrates the excessive inaccuracy of it being used as a vital evidential piece in the courts and criminal justice system. Many hypotheses have been established that suggest reasons for the valued use of eyewitness testimony. Saunders et al believe that jurors tend to place too much faith in eyewitness testimonies; however the problem lies with whether eyewitness testimony is a reliable source of evidence to use  [17]  . The inaccuracy of witness accounts is demonstrated by the various aspects that intercept with each other and substantiate hesitation for its use as evidence. The use of leading questions can quite often alter information/intelligence or can quite often misinterpreted accounts to match the information that the witness has been presented with. An experiment conducted by Elizabeth Loftus and John Parmer illustrates the interaction between language and memory in 1974  [18]  . The reconstruction of an automobile destruction consisted of two experiments in which subjects were shown films of automobile accidents. After the observation, the subjects were then asked questions about the events that occurred in the films; How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other? The use of the word smash demonstrated higher estimations in the speed of the car as opposed to other verbs used in place of smash such as collided, bumped, contacted and hit. When the experiment was repeated a week later, the subjects who received the word smashed were more likely to agree to the question asked Did you see any broken glass? even though there was n o recollection of broken glass within the video. These results highlight the theory that the questions asked in relation to an event can result in a reconstruction of a witnesss memory of that event. Though witness memory is quite often inaccurate in that they fail to distinguish the events that had occurred, quite often, the human memory can remember erroneous events and details that may be introduced by third party interference. In the 1970s, Elizabeth Loftus conducted an experiment to demonstrate how third party interference can invalidate witness accounts by introducing false facts. Subjects were shown a slideshow of a car at an intersection with either a yield sign or a stop sign. The experimenter then asked the participants questions which falsely used the word stop sign instead of yield sign which is what was actually shown in the slideshow. The results indicated that subjects remembered seeing the false image; the introduction of false cues altered the memory of the participants in the experiment. Bartlett conducted an experiment in which he read a story The war of the ghosts out loud to a group of participants where he concluded that participants attempted to fit the story into their western schemas and as a result, distorted it during recall  [19]  . This showed that they were not recalling the information exactly as it had been presented to them, but were making assumptions at the story, based on their own understanding. This correlates with what a witness may assume a criminal or crime scene may look like and therefore use this to describe the suspected. Schemas are an effective method of processing and encoding information  [20]  . The idea of schemas were originally established by Frederick Bartlett in the 1930s which involved a large number studies in which he showed ways in which participants made sense of whatever they were shown affects the way they recall it later  [21]  . For example, in one of his studies, Bartlett showed participants unfamiliar line d rawings and instructed them to memorise it. Bartlett then asked his participants to talk aloud at the same time as memorising the picture. He found that different participants made sense of the figures in different ways. Later in the experiment, the participants were asked to draw the figures as they remembered them and Bartlett discovered that the schemas which they established during their initial encoding influenced their recall. Therefore, schemas may influence what witnesses may define what a criminal looks like or behaves like and this may influence their account of events. Through the questioning process that witnesses must endure, witnesses can either be questioned on a one-to-one basis where the interviewer questions the witness independently or witnesses can be questioned as a group if the incident has been witnesses by multiple people. In particular, group questioning which gives into reason the reliability of witness recollections as they may conform in order to fit each others interpretation of what happened. This conformity can purposely invalidate information as the witness does not want to be isolated from the events that the other witnesss describe as having happened. This subjective information again affects the testimony because false information is being interpreted is invalid due to conformity of information. The weapons focus effect  [22]  perceives to be a result of the witnesss attention being predominantly directed towards the weapon, resulting in diversion of attention away from the situational aspects and the criminal suspect. When a witness views a crime in which a weapon is used as a method of violence and distraction, the weapon achieves its purpose in distracting the attention of those witnessing the crime. The distraction affects the witnesss attention due to the potential threat of violence. Although an incident has occurred, the attention of the witness is primarily upon the weapon so they are not observing the rest of the incident or the person who is posing the threat and this causes the witness to have lack of information about the incident. This area of eyewitness psychology is known as weapon focus; unfortunately this distraction results in a very poor eyewitness testimony as the witness is unable to recall events and descriptions. Unfortunately, most crimes involve the use of a weapon as a vulnerability tool, which in essence causes the stress and anxiety levels of the witness to rise and therefore will fail to encode and remember vital information. Eyewitness inaccuracy may also be a result of errors that occur within the memory process; the memory is divided into three distinct stages of processing: encoding, storage and retrieval. The occurrence of errors is very likely at any particular stage within the memory processing stages. Acquiring information or otherwise known as encoding is illustrated within the Yerkes-Dodson principle which according to its theorists, an increase in arousal improves performance up to a certain point. Once arousal has passed the critical point which is otherwise known as the optimum, performance tends to decline and these results in poorer memory performance. So, in essence when a person is moderately aroused, the information is encoded best as opposed to extreme arousal or stress where the information is lost or encoded insufficiently. The Yerkes-Dodson theory  [23]  demonstrates that if a witness observes a crime that is substantially violent and/or makes the witness experience high levels o f fear and anxiety, they are less likely to remember any significant levels of information because of the extreme stress which results in encoding of information inaccurate. This conclusively makes their eyewitness account unreliable because they fail to remember any substantial amounts of information and detail of what happened and of the perpetrator. The question of witness account accuracy raises questions about whether the time after the incident occurred, if the account is still valid as evidence because quite often, large amounts of time and substantial interference can deteriorate the information from memory. This deterioration refers to the loss of stimulus information as a result of passed time. The amount of time that has lapsed between the occurrence of the event and the questioning and testimony of the witness can quite often determines the amount of information the witness can recall  [24]  . This interference is due to the loss of old stimulus information caused by new stimulus information; this can also reduce the accuracy of eyewitness accounts. People are more likely to overestimate the duration of brief events but on the other hand underestimate the duration of prolonged events (Penrod, Loftus and Winkler, 1982). Other psychological research has demonstrated that the presence of a weapon also reduces the accur acy of eyewitness accounts. Evaluation of Eyewitness Testimony Taking into consideration the flaws in which eyewitness accounts may consist of, which effectively invalidates the testimony, these flaws can be avoided by both the eyewitness and the criminal justice system that use the accounts as a form of evidence. Most importantly, the way in which witness accounts are handled is vital in establishing a valid eyewitness testimony with as much truth as possible. The interviewing process which is conducted by the criminal justice system i.e. police, courtroom judges, need to be done in a careful and delicate way so that there is no decay or deterioration of information. Though the memory of the witnesses may differ, depending on age and memory capacity, quite often the initial first few hours after the occurrence of an incident is vital in collecting as much valid information as possible. So, the interviewing of witnesses should be conducted right after the incident when possible to avoid any decay of information and/or third party interference. In terms of the actual interviewing process, the use of leading questions should entirely be avoided unless the witness has mentioned specific events or descriptions which would not invalidate information as it has been confirmed by the witness. Leading questions  [25]  can quite often add new information that the witness may not have known about and will therefore mention false information in order to fit their account with what is evidently known by the police. Specific questions that can be used in the interviewing process may help the witness to run through their track of events which in some circumstances reveal any recollection of events without any external influence. Quite often through the criminal investigation, the witness needs to be interviewed many times to establish the course of events and important descriptions, whether this is through the crown prosecution trial or by the police. If later eyewitnesses need to be interviewed, they should be able to recall as much information that they reported initially, avoiding any extra information that they may have picked up from third party interference. So in essence, there is no uncertain information but information that the mind has remembered and rehearsed within their memory and indicates a positive recollection of events. Though no control can be given to what eyewitnesses will focus on and concentrate entirely on, measures on how information is collected can partially help to distinguish between valid and false information within accounts. Conclusion It can be concluded that the use of eyewitness testimony will also be used as a vital source of evidence by the criminal justice system for years to come. Eyewitness testimony can hold vital pieces of information that cannot be retrieved from any other source, without eyewitness testimony, the police would find it incredibly difficult to discover any potential clues and evidence of what happened or description of what the perpetrator physically looks like. Criminal cases in which there is not eyewitnesses to give evidence are usually those cases which find it incredibly hard to convict the guilty so have to rely upon other physical evidence such as CCTV, DNA, fingerprints etc. However, the use of eyewitness accounts seems to create a lot of doubt in whether it is a reliable source of evidence to be used because its accuracy is questioned based on interpretation. The use of leading questions and third party interference can decay any initial recollection of events that the eyewitness may have believed to have happened. But the human memory has flaws within itself regardless of extra information that can falsify or invalidate the recollection of what occurred and why. The initial pioneer of evaluating eyewitness evidence, Elizabeth F. Loftus  [26]  highlights the flaws of eyewitness accounts and of the human memory. The conclusions in which Loftus has discovered were advantageously used to improve quality of interviews and valid eyewitness accounts but unfortunately cannot eliminate all invalid information. So, in essence, the question as to whether eyewitness testimony is a reliable source of evidence still remains unclear on the basis that it is vital evidence which is needed to collate important information. However, its reliability is questioned in terms of validity and how much the witness is able to accurately recall all pieces of information especially having experienced high amounts of anxiety and stress. Eyewitness testimony will always remain a vital source of evidence but its use should be delicately considered to avoid any false information or invalid convictions.

Anne Sexton :: essays papers

Anne Sexton The third decade of the twentieth century brought on more explicit writers than ever before, but none were as expressive as Anne Sexton. Her style of writing, her works, the image that she created, and the crazy life that she led are all prime examples of this. Known as one of the most â€Å"confessional† poets of her time, Anne Sexton was also one of the most criticized. She was known to use images of incest, adultery, and madness to reveal the depths of her deeply troubled life, which often brought on much controversy. Despite this, Anne went on to win many awards and go down as one of the best poets of all time. Anne Sexton was born Anne Gray Harvey on November 9, 1928 in Newton, Massachusetts to Ralph Churchill and Mary Gray Staples Harvey (Discovering Biographies 1). From then on, Sexton spent most of her life in the affluent, upper-middle class suburbs of Boston (Discovering Biographies 2). According to many of the experiences described in her poems, she led a very unhappy childhood that’s horrifying memories affected her throughout her life. To overcome her troubles, she married at age nineteen and attempted to settle into the role of housewife and mother (Discovering Biographies 2). Shortly after her marriage, Anne enrolled in a modeling course at the Hart Agency and lived in San Francisco and Baltimore (Academy of American Poets 1). During this time Anne was also educated at Earland Junior College from 1947- 1948 (Twentieth Century American Literature 2). Through out her early twenties, Sexton began to experience bouts of depression that eventually led to hospitalization (Discovering Biographies 2). In 1955, after the birth of her second daughter, Sexton attempted suicide (Discovering Biographies 2). She was then placed under the care of Dr. Martin Orne, who encouraged her to write poems as a form of therapy (Discovering Biographies 1). â€Å"Poetry gave me a rebirth at age twenty-nine† (American Literature 3591), Anne quoted many times during her career. Anne deeply admired and attempted to emulate the confessional poem â€Å"Heart’s Needle† by Shodgrass (Discovering Biographies 2). Sexton decided to enroll in Robert Lowell’s graduate writing seminar at the Boston Center for Adult Education (Discovering Biographies 2). She then went on to be a scholar at the Radcliffe Institute for Independent Study from 1961- 1963 (American Literature 3596).

Mohandas Ghandi Essay -- Biography Biographies Bio

Mohandas â€Å"Mahatma† Gandhi Mohandas Gandhi was easily one of the greatest political leaders of the twentieth century, yet he had no power what so ever. He was just a man, who influenced a non-violent revolt to gain India’s independence. Unfortunately after India did gain their independence, the struggle was not over. Gandhi was still in no form of power, and only was an adviser. As he had struggled throughout his life for India, been imprisoned for many years for India, it is interesting how on the evening of one of his usual prayers, an Indian waits in the crowd to kill him. On January 30th 1948, Bapu (Sanskrit for â€Å"father† commonly used with Gandhi and the â€Å"father of India†) was shot and killed, while having his nightly public walk. Mohandas Gandhi was one of the most powerful political leaders of the twentieth century, because of his strives for the independence of India through non-violent consent. Mohandas’ first enthusiasms towards non-violent resistance was discovered in South Africa when he was severely discriminated and realized something had to be done about the harsh discrimination towards blacks and Indians in South Africa. In South Africa he adopted his ideology of the devotion to the ‘truth’. â€Å"Gandhi launched his first civil disobedience campaign, using a technique he called Satyagraha, a Sanskrit word. Satya means truth and love; agraha means firmness or force. Satyagraha is often translated as â€Å"truth force.†Ã¢â‚¬ 1 He began to create a peaceful resistance, and using no violent measures. Many Indians and blacks were jailed but in the face of peaceful blacks and Indians simply trying to get more rights peacefully, the South African General had no choice but to negotiate with Gandhi, giving him his first of many vi... ...d advise violence.†5 Gandhi did not advicate cowardism, and certainly was not one. Infact Gandhi was never afraid. â€Å"If I die by the bullet of a madman, I must do so smiling. Should such a thing happen to me, you are not to shed one tear.†6 Mohandas Gandhi’s strive towards the independence and freedom of the Indian people, elevated him to being one of the most powerful and influential people in the twentieth century. Not only has he inspired people in his nation, but in countries around the world, in the struggle in peaceful and non-violent civil disobedience, instead of bloodshed. Bibliography Cheney, Glenn Alan, Mohandas Gandhi. New York: Grouer Company, 1983. Malaspina, Ann, Mahatma Gandhi: and India’s Independence. Berkeley Heights: Enslow Publishers, 2000. Mohandas Gandhi,† Wikipedia, 27th September 2007 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi

Volenteer

SCARBOROUGH YMCA VOLUNTEER APPLICATION FORM ` PERSONAL INFORMATIONMr. Mrs. Ms. First Name: Last Name: Address: Apartment No. : City: Prov: Postal Code: Home Phone: ( ) - Cell: ( ) - Email: Volunteer Shirt Size: Membership #: No Membership| PLEASE LIST TWO REFERENCES (Other than relatives / not related to you)EMAIL REQUIREDMr. Mrs. Ms. (click to see options)Name: Relationship: Phone: ( ) - Email: Notes: (For volunteer coordinator use only)Mr. Mrs. Ms. (click to see options)Name: Relationship: Phone: ( ) - Email: Notes: (For volunteer coordinator use only)| SCHOOL INFORMATION Not ApplicableSchool Name: How many hours do you require? Time frame: From to (ex. Feb 2010 to Feb 2013)| IN WHICH AREA(S) WOULD YOU LIKE TO VOLUNTEER: (click to see options)Preference #1: Preference #2:| Emergency Contact Information:Name: Telephone: ( ) - Relationship (click to see options) If you have any questions please contact:Scarborough YMCAc/o Myra Narvaza(416) 296-9907 x408myrabelle. [e mail  protected] org| AVAILABILITYPlease indicate when you would be available to volunteer: Timeframe| Mon| Tues| Wed| Thu| Fri| Sat| Sun| AMBETWEEN6am-10am WEEKENDS 7am-10 am| | | | | | Between| Between| MID #1 BETWEENBetween10am-4pm| | | | | | | | MID #2 BETWEENBetween4pm-8pm| | | | | | | | PMBETWEEN8pm-12am| | | | | | | | | OTHER INFORMATION (Volunteer Coordinator Use Only) INTERVIEW DATE: _________________________ AGEDate of Birth:______________________Current Age: ______________________ * 14 – 15 yrs. Proof of Age: ____________________16 yrs. n:______________ * 16 above; Clearance Letter Date: ________________ MEDIA RELEASE FORM DATE: ______________________ AODA SELF-STUDY CONFIRMATION EMAIL DATE: _____________________ CERTIFICATION / QUALIFICATIONS: ______________________________________Tentative Assignment: (Program Area //Day/s //Time/s) ____________________________ NOTES:| ORIENTATION INVITE EMAIL DATE: ________________________ Volunteer Operating Policies Procedur es Manual copy AODA Self Study linkORIENTATION DATE & TIME: ______________________________|

As completely as possible, sketch the supply chain for Zara from raw materials to consumer purchase Essay

Zara makes about 40% of their raw material (fabric). The remaining 60% is outsourced from within Spain, mostly from the La Curuna. Designing of clothes at Zara is done by creative teams of over 300 professionals at the headquarters in La Curuna, Spain. They act on the information fed to them from the stores managers. The first stage in Zara’s production system is cutting of fabric. The design is then sent for sewing by one of several hundred local cooperatives. After sewing, the clothes are returned to Zara’s facilities for ironing by an assembly line of workers. After this, the clothing items are wrapped in plastic and transported on conveyor belts to a group of giant warehouses. In the warehouse, the customised machines patterned after the equipment used by overnight parcel services, sorts, packs, labels, and allocates clothing items for shipment to Zara’s retail stores. For Zara’s retail stores within a 24-hour drive, goods are delivered by truck whereas goods meant for stores beyond 24-hour drive are delivered by cargo jets. Zara sells to customers at their own retail stores, each managed by a retail manager who gives feedback on fashion trends to the design team. 1. Discuss the concepts of horizontal and vertical conflict as they relate to Zara. Channel conflict is generated when one channel member’s action prevent the channel from achieving its goals. It can stem from difference between channel members goals and objectives, from disagreements over the domain of responsibility and from difference in perception of the market place. Channel conflict can be vertical or horizontal. Horizontal Conflict occurs among firms at the same level of the channel. Vertical Conflict, conflicts between different levels of the same channel, is even more common. 2. Which type of vertical marketing system does Zara employ? List all the benefits that Zra receives by having adopted this system. The type of vertical marketing system which Zara employ is the Corporate Vertical System which integrates successive stages of production and distribution under single ownership. Zara makes 40 percent of its own fabrics and produces more than half of its own clothes, rather than relying on a hodgepodge of slow-moving suppliers. New designs feed into Zara manufacturing centers, which ship finish products dirictly to 1,161 Zara stores in 68 countries, saving time, eliminating the need for warehouses, and keeping inventories low. Efective Vertical Integration makes Zara faster, more flexible, and more efficient than International competitors. 3. Does Zara experience disadvantages from its â€Å"fast-fashion† distribution system? Are these disadvantages offset by the advantages? 4. How does Zara add value for the customer through major logistic functions? Zara System One of the successful organizations that use the vertical marketing system (VMS) is Zara which have a distinctive feature of business model. With the aid of the vertical integration, the company is allowed to develop the strong merchandising strategy that continuously led the Zara to create the opportunities particularly in the fast-fashion system. Because of the lack of flexibility found in traditional retailing, the organization is obliged to produce the products in varieties, amount, and frequency of the new styles. This type of system begins in the corporate areas, wherein the leaders plan the changes that will create an impact in the organization. All the plans are administered to the stores that are mostly visited by the customers. In this way the regular customers will know that the new products are already available for merchandise (Craig, Jones, & Nieto, 2004). The quick response of Zara in the fast-fashion system places the emphasis on using the VMS to be very quick fashion follower than to achieve manufacturing efficiencies. The continuous product development in the retail environment enables the organization to facilitate the chain f competitive advantage.

Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring Essay

Throughout time, American attitudes towards the importance of the environment have lessened. American farmers have begun to use poisons, such as parathion, which has begun killing animals and humans. Rachel Carson, a noted biologist, published her novel Silent Spring in 1962, in which she illustrates the need for American attitudes towards the environment needing to change, through understanding â€Å"plain folks†, an accusing tone, and descriptive imagery. Rachel Carson provides examples of understandable â€Å"plain folks† to express her argument to the reader. It was said that, â€Å"†¦In California orchards sprayed this same parathion, workers handling foliage that had been treated a month earlier collapsed and went into shock, and escaped death only through skilled medical attention.† She then goes on to ask, â€Å"Does Indiana still raise any boys who roam through woods or fields and might even explore the margins of a river?†¦Ã¢â‚¬  These specific examples illustrate how much Americans do not see that they are causing pain to each other, and in severe cases causing death. Rachel Carson, in illustrating her point that American attitudes toward the environment need to change, points the finger at American farmers who are using parathion and other poisons, which are the cause of death to humans and birds which bringing harm to the environment. What Rachel Carson is trying to get Americans, especially American farmers, to see is that in order to stop all the killing and harm to the environment, and to each other, they need to stop the use of parathion and other poisons. Rachel Carson uses an accusing tone to express her feelings towards her argument that Americans do not worry about the environment enough. Throughout the selection, Carson shifts from what is happening to the black birds, to what is happening to the humans. Both the humans and the birds are dying due to the farmers using parathion. In the text, she says that â€Å"The Fish and Wildlife Service has found it necessary to express serious concern over this trend, pointing out that â€Å"parathion treated areas constitute a potential hazard to humans, domestic animals, and wildlife.’† Following this quote, Rachel Carson goes on to accuse farmers of the casualty list of â€Å"some 65,000 red-winged black birds and starlings.† Carson explains that, â€Å"†¦The problem could have been solved easily by a slight change in agricultural practice.† Through this quote, Carson is accusing the American, especially American farmers, of not trying to use practices other than poisons, such as parathion, to keep the birds and animals out of the crops. Rachel Carson uses descriptive imagery to express her continuing strong feelings towards Americans lack of attitude toward the environment and it needing to change. In the text, Carson mentions â€Å"Who made the decision that sets in motion these chains of poisonings, this ever-widening wave of death that spreads out, like ripples when a pebble is dropped into a still pond?†. While this is both a simile and a rhetorical question, the way the author states â€Å"†¦like ripples when a pebble is dropped into a still pond?† makes the reader be able to imagine dropping a pebble into water when they were younger and reminds them of what that looked like. Carson also describes, â€Å"Who has placed in one pan of the scales the leaves that might have been eaten by the beetles and in the other the pitiful heaps of many-hued feathers, the lifeless remains of the birds that fell before the unselective bludgeon of insecticidal poisons?† While the reader might think to themselves; why is she comparing leaves that have been eaten by beetles and dead birds? One can actually imagine placing these two things in two different piles. Rachel Carson uses different rhetorical devices throughout her novel Silent Spring. She uses the rhetorical devices to prove her point that American attitudes toward the environment needs to change. She strongly believes that the attitudes need to change, and she found many ways to prove her point and make the reader agree with her.

4P Marketing Essay

hese are the basic elements of the MARKETING PLAN for any business. PRODUCTThe business has to produce a product that people want to buy. They have to decide which market segment they are aiming at age, income, geographical location etc. They then have to differentiate their product so that it is slightly different from what is on offer at present so that people can be persuaded to give them a try. PROMOTIONCustomers have to be made aware of the product. The two main considerations are target market and cost. A new business will not be able to afford to advertise on national television, for instance and would not wish to because its market will be local to start with. Leaflets, billboards, advertisements in local newspapers, Yellow Pages and word of mouth would be more appropriate. PRICEThe price must be high enough to cover costs and make a profit but low enough to attract customers. There are a number of possible pricing strategies. The most commonly used are PENETRATION PRICING ch arging a low price, possibly not quite covering costs, to gain a position in the market. This is quite popular with new businesses trying to get a toehold. CREAMING the opposite to penetration pricing, this involves charging a deliberately high price to persuade people that the product is of high quality. Luxury car makers often use this strategy COST PLUS PRICING this is the most common form of pricing. Costs are totalled and a margin is added on for profit to make the total price. PLACEThe business must have a location that it can afford, and that is convenient and suitable for customers and any supplier. The Marketing mix is a set of four decisions which need to be taken before launching any new product. These variables are also known as the 4 Ps of marketing. These four variables help the firm in making strategic decisions necessary for the smooth running of any product / organization.These variables are Product

Science and Age of Enlightment essays

Science and Age of Enlightment essays Science and The Age of the Enlightenment There were many people involved in the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment. Most of these people were fine scholars. It all started out with Copernicus and his book called On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. This book marked the beginning of modern astrology. The current dispute at times echoes the tensions that existed in the sixteenth century between believers in the Copernican theory of the universe and the Ptolemaic established order, which preached that the earth was the center of the galaxy. His theory was anathema to the church and a threat to the established way of thinking about the world and the people in it. Skeptical thinkers, such as Galileo and Kepler, produced treatises that helped build a case for an alternative way of viewing the solar system. It was a gradual shift in professional allegiances in educational evaluation. No promises can be made for the power of a new paradigm offers a new set of explanations of our educational system. Descartes contemporary, the English philosopher Francis Bacon, took a somewhat stronger line concerning how conclusions should be reached. Bacon rejected deducing knowledge from self-evident principles and instead argued that only through observation and repeatable experiments could theories be built. Bacon thus relied on proofs that could be demonstrated physically, not through deductive logic. He believed that the pursuit of scientific knowledge would enrich human life immeasurably. Galileos lunar observations extend from 1609 to 1638 when failing eyesight compelled him to abandon his astronomical research. During these three decades, he discovered an important contribution to our understanding of three ...

Free Essays on Muslim Civilization

The Muslim civilization is centered around the Islamic faith. Islam is followed by a fifth of the world’s population (Pillars of Islam).The development of Islam through its environment can be explained more clearly with a background of the East territory. There are three focuses of interest in the centuries preceding the wave of Arab conquests of the Near East region in the seventh century. The Christian Byzantines had some influence over the Red Sea, extending at times to an alliance with the Monophysite Christians of Abyssinia; the Zoroastrian Persians, with their capital in Ctesiphon in Mesoptamia, had influence which reached at times the eastern side of Arabia and along the south coast to the Yemen; and the South Arabian kingdons whose century, had lost virtually all semblance of vitality by the time of the rise of the Arabs (Islam and the West). The Arabian Peninsula, although having had settled centres for several millenniums, did not contain a power to be reckoned ! with in the world at the time, except in so far as various tribal areas became pawns in the hands of external kingdoms, perhaps thereby creating the forces which would eventually expand out of the peninsula and sugjugate the earlier rulers. In the year 527 Justinian came to the throne of the Bysantine empire at Constantinople, He was determined to restore the unity with the decaying Roman empire, the western parts of which had been lost to the Bermanic tribes, especially the Vandals and th Goths. He was successful by his death in 565, much of this accomplishment was being nullified as the result of continual local uprisings. The persians took advantage of the subsequent unstable situation and made initiatives on their western border with Byzantium. Heavy taxes, however, provoked instability on the edges of his newly expanded area. Heraclius, the Byzantine leader who died in 641, nmanaged to gain supremacy in Constantinople in 610,only to witness the Persi... Free Essays on Muslim Civilization Free Essays on Muslim Civilization The Muslim civilization is centered around the Islamic faith. Islam is followed by a fifth of the world’s population (Pillars of Islam).The development of Islam through its environment can be explained more clearly with a background of the East territory. There are three focuses of interest in the centuries preceding the wave of Arab conquests of the Near East region in the seventh century. The Christian Byzantines had some influence over the Red Sea, extending at times to an alliance with the Monophysite Christians of Abyssinia; the Zoroastrian Persians, with their capital in Ctesiphon in Mesoptamia, had influence which reached at times the eastern side of Arabia and along the south coast to the Yemen; and the South Arabian kingdons whose century, had lost virtually all semblance of vitality by the time of the rise of the Arabs (Islam and the West). The Arabian Peninsula, although having had settled centres for several millenniums, did not contain a power to be reckoned ! with in the world at the time, except in so far as various tribal areas became pawns in the hands of external kingdoms, perhaps thereby creating the forces which would eventually expand out of the peninsula and sugjugate the earlier rulers. In the year 527 Justinian came to the throne of the Bysantine empire at Constantinople, He was determined to restore the unity with the decaying Roman empire, the western parts of which had been lost to the Bermanic tribes, especially the Vandals and th Goths. He was successful by his death in 565, much of this accomplishment was being nullified as the result of continual local uprisings. The persians took advantage of the subsequent unstable situation and made initiatives on their western border with Byzantium. Heavy taxes, however, provoked instability on the edges of his newly expanded area. Heraclius, the Byzantine leader who died in 641, nmanaged to gain supremacy in Constantinople in 610,only to witness the Persi...

Sherlock Holmes English coursework Essays

Sherlock Holmes English coursework Essays Sherlock Holmes English coursework Paper Sherlock Holmes English coursework Paper In The Speckled Band Conan Doyle introduces Helen Stoner, the victim, and she is wearing a thick black veil over her face. This makes her look quite dark and mysterious. In The Red Headed League, the victim is also introduced at the beginning of the story. The victim, Jabez Wilson is quite a poor person unlike Helen Stoner who is quite rich. You can tell he is poor because he says he owns a small pawnbrokers business. However The Blue Carbuncle is quite different. The victim gets introduced later on. First, Sherlock Holmes has a hat and a goose which were found by Peterson the commissionaire. These belong to the victim. Holmes deduces all he can from these two objects. Conan Doyle does this to intrigue the reader and to show the reader how clever Sherlock Holmes is, that he can tell how a man looks like and how clever he is, just from looking at a hat. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle uses a lot of weird and mysterious clues in his stories. His intended effect was to try and lead the reader astray. Also to let the readers try and solve the clues and figure the mystery out themselves, but of course he doesnt make it easy. The main reason Conan Doyle uses clues is to build tension. The story with the strangest clues was The Speckled Band. When Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson go to Stoke Moran to analyse the bedrooms, Sherlock Holmes finds a vent that leads into another room, a bell pull that doesnt work and a bed thats clamped to the ground. The clues that Conan Doyle used here would confuse any reader whether they were clever or not. Conan Doyle often used flashbacks in his stories to give the history of his characters. At the beginning of the story The Speckled Band Helen Stoner gives a flashback about family. Also in The Blue Carbuncle Sherlock Holmes gives a flashback about Henry Baker, from what he deduced from his hat. The writer effect is to give the reader a detailed history of his main character. The endings Conan Doyle creates for his stories are quite dramatic in different ways. The Speckled Band ended with danger, The Red Headed League ended with punishment and The Blue Carbuncle ended with justice. In The Speckled Band, Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson both spend a night at Stoke Moran they get into a lot of danger. Watson didnt really know the danger they were in because he didnt fear what Holmes feared. At the end when Holmes and Watson go into Dr. Roylotts bedroom Holmes says, The band! the speckled band! , It is a swamp adder! , the deadliest snake in India. This is when the reader finds out about the danger they were in, especially after the snake had killed Dr. Roylott. At the end of The Read Headed League Sherlock Holmes had captured the criminal, John Clay. Well, would you please, sir, march upstairs, where we can get a cab to carry your Highness to the police-station? This quote shows that the criminal was punished, most probably imprisonment. In The Blue Carbuncle after Sherlock Holmes had made the criminal, James Ryder confess to all that he had done. Using his deductive reasoning, he let him go free or in other words put him to justice. Sherlock Holmes did this because he knew that James Ryder wouldnt commit another crime again. All of Conan Doyles stories follow most of the ten Knoxs rules written by Monsignor Ronald A. Knox in 1929. Each story introduces the criminal early, but in a way that reader wouldnt know that it was the criminal. None of the stories have anything supernatural or preternatural. No undiscovered poisons are used, or anything which will need a long scientific explanation at the end. In all the stories, the mystery was solved by Sherlock Holmes himself. He did not get any help and he did not solve anything with the help of coincidence or an accident. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle did break one of the rules, rule number 9. The stupid friend of the detective, the Watson, must not conceal any thoughts which pass through his mind; his intelligence must be slightly, but very slightly, below that of the average reader. Watson, in these stories is a doctor. It takes quite a lot of hard work to become a doctor, no one that has the intelligence below the average reader can become one. Watson? Could your patients spare you for a few hours? This shows that Watson is quite a successful doctor and he has his own practice. I have nothing to do to-day. My practice is never very absorbing. Most of the language used in the three stories The Speckled Band, The Red Headed League and The Blue Carbuncle is old fashioned. That is because these stories were written in the 1880s and 1890s. Nowadays language is much different than of how it was in the 1880s and 1890s. In the three stories, the old fashioned word that was used the most was pray. Pray was another way of saying please. You can tell that the language is old fashioned by looking at the dialogue. It is to him that this trophy belongs. It is his hat. No, no, he found it. Its owner is unknown. I beg that you will look upon it not as a battered billycock but as an intellectual problem The old fashioned language is quite efficient for detective stories; I think that if they were written with todays language, the stories wouldnt be as good. All of Sir Arthur Conan Doyles descriptions are quite detailed; he uses a lot of similes. In The Speckled Band one simile is, Then suddenly another sound became audible a very gentle, soothing sound, like that of a small jet of steam escaping continually from a kettle. The writer is comparing the sound of the whistle to the sound of a kettle letting out steam. Here is one simile from The Red Headed League, with his thin knees drawn up to his hawk-like nose, and there he sat with his eyes closed and his black clay pipe thrusting out like the bill of some strange bird. Here the writer is comparing Sherlock Holmes to a bird. A simile from The Blue Carbuncle is, Holmes unlocked his strong-box and held up the blue carbuncle, which shone out like a star . Here the writer is comparing the diamond to a star. The writers intended effect is to give the reader a detailed description of what is going on. Sherlock Holmes was a character based on a man named Dr. Bell who was a professor of medicine at Edinburgh. Sherlock Holmes is a very calm and precise gentleman. He is not the type of man that just wants to get rich. Detection is his hobby; he does it to help people and to bring criminals to justice. Sherlock Holmes is a man that cannot be provoked easily; we can see this by taking a look at The Speckled Band. When Dr. Grimesby Roylott charges in and starts threatening Sherlock Holmes, he doesnt really care. He acts as if nothing is happening, which shows that he is very good at controlling his temper. While Dr. Roylott is calling him names, he just sits there and smiles. You are Holmes, the meddler. My friend smiled. Holmes, the busybody! His smile broadened. Holmes, the Scotland Yard Jack-in-office! Holmes chuckled heartily. Your conversation is most entertaining, said he. When you go out close the door, for there is a decided draught. Sherlock Holmess power of deduction is very amazing indeed. If we look at The Blue Carbuncle Sherlock Holmes deducts what a man looks like, how clever he is and that his wife doesnt love him that much by just looking at his hat, which is quite remarkable. Watson is the narrator of the Sherlock Holmes stories. Everything in the stories is told from Watsons point of view. Watson and Holmes are very dear friends and Holmes is always relying on Watson. This shows that Watson is a very reliable person. Then put on your hat and come. I am going through the City first, and we can have some lunch on the way. This shows that Sherlock Holmes is always relying on Watson to travel with him and he always asks him to carry his gun. Do not go asleep; your very life may depend upon it. Have your pistol ready in case we should need it. Watson is a doctor, we can tell this straight away because in the story he is called Dr. Watson. And also Sherlock Holmes talks about his patients. Watson? Could your patients spare you for a few hours? After reading and analysing the three Sherlock Holmes stories The Speckled Band, The Red Headed League and The Blue Carbuncle, I think I have learned a lot about detective writing in the 1880s and 1890s. I really liked reading about Sherlock Holmes; I think it is very clever how Sir Arthur Conan Doyle created him with his unique abilities. I especially like Sherlock Holmess deducting abilities. I now no why detective writing was so popular at the end of the nineteenth century. The mysteries that Conan Doyle created were very interesting, especially the mystery of The Speckled Band. I thought this because in the speckled band story Conan Doyle created a lot of tension which keeps building up, this made me want to read on in a faster way to find out what happened. This is how it affected me as the reader. Out of the three stories I prefer The Speckled Band. This is because the story is much more interesting and intriguing than the other two. I like the clues that Conan Doyle created, which were really very puzzling at first. Once I got to the end of the story I understood the whole thing. The other two stories were interesting, but not as much as The Speckled Band.Ali Mohsen 10N Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Conan Doyle section.

Give Me Liberty - Chapter Three Essays - Americas, Free Essays

Give Me Liberty - Chapter Three Essays - Americas, Free Essays Give Me Liberty - Chapter Three Global Competition and The Expansion of England's Empire The Mercantilist Syst em Principles of the mercantilism- gov should regulate econ activity (so more gold and silver get in than out) as to promote national power; it should encourage manufacturing and commerce by special bounties, monopolies, etc. T he role of the colonies in mercantilist system was serve mother country's interests by producing raw materials and importing manufactured good from home. Navigation laws-tobacco, sugar had to be transported in English ships and sold in English ports (then could be re-exported to foreign markets); Most European goods imported into colonies had to be through English ships, custom duties were paid. Importance- enabled English merchants, shipbuilders, manufacturers, sailors to benefit from colonial trade; gov received taxes; as a member, Americans colonies benefited. The Conquest of New Netherland New York was originally New Netherland, surrendered by Dutch to English during the Anglo-Dutch war ; Charles II=awarded it to James, duke of York (brother) to rule as pleased. Explain the growth and significance of New York. Military - minor to an important imperial outpost, launched operations against French Commercial - a seaport trading with the Caribbean and Europe Population - 9,000 Europeans to 20,000 by 1685 New York and the Rights of Englishmen and Englishwomen What were the Dutch terms of surrender? Religious Groups - Respect their religious toleration Ethnic Groups - Respect the property holding of the colony's ethnic communities Explain women's rights in New York Under Dutch rule - male were more dominant in business Under English Rule - women could become traders, do business in their own name, could inherit husband's property when he dies. T he English was restrictive toward blacks; free blacks were expelled from many skilled jobs. The benefits of landed elites- gained immense land grants, political influence New York and the Indians Explain the relationship between the English and the Iroquois Confederacy. Initial contact - English rule strengthen Iroquois Confederacy, formed Covenant Chain- support each other (helped British attack French and other Indian tribes). After 1680s - after French and natives attacked Iroquois , Iroquois became neutral planning to play Europeans nations against one another, profited from fur trade. The Charter of Liberties Englishmen complaint they were denied the right to consent to taxation regarding their liberties Charter of Liberties and Privileges - held every 3 years between property owners and freemen of New York City, reaffirmed traditional English rights The Charter an assertion of dominance by the English when English established the principle of "liberties" to which New Yorkers were entitled were those Englishmen enjoyed at home. The Founding of Carolina Carolina was d iscovered when Charles II awarded 8 proprietors to establish a colony north of Florida, then the 1 st settlers arrived in 1670 discover Carolina, "colony of a colony." Colonist relations with Indians not friendly, they enslaved and sent natives away. The lures for settlers - provided and elected assembly, religious toleration and land grants I nt roduction of plantation slavery- Planters discovered staple and rice would make them wealthier and became the epicenter of mainland slavery. The Holy Experiment Identify the origins of Pennsylvania . William Penn was the proprietor of Pennsylvania Importance- He believed in religious freedom, coexist with Indians Quaker Liberty Identify the Quaker principles. Equality - blacks, women, and Indians were equal individuals Liberty - universal entitlement, not the possession of any single person Indian Relations - peaceful, treated Indians with consideration (unique in colonial time), buy land from Indians not take Warfare - Quakers were peaceful, came to America unarmed, didn't establish military, protected by local Indians from other tribes who try to take over Religious freedom - "religious Uniformity", rights to worship voluntarily Land in Pennsylvania Penn created a gov in which an appointed council to originate legislation and an assembly elected by male taxpayers and "freemen" (owners of 50 acres for indentured servants, 100 acres for free immigrants)- made majority of male population able to vote It attra cted settlers by its freedom, religious toleration, healthy climate inexpensive land Succeeded in attracting settlers but eventually coming into conflict with Indian's policy Origins of American Slavery Englishmen and Africans Describe English cultural perceptions.

Practice in Turning Adjectives Into Adverbs

Practice in Turning Adjectives Into Adverbs Many adverbs are formed by adding -ly to an adjective. The adverb softly, for instance, comes from the adjective soft. (Note, however, that not all adverbs end in -ly. Very, quite, always, almost, and often are some of the common adverbs that are not formed from adjectives.) Instructions In each set below, complete the second sentence with an adverbial form of the italicized adjective in the first sentence. Example: Original:  Gus is usually a careful driver.Adverbial form: He always drives carefully when children are in the car. When youre done, compare your answers with those below. Practice Exercises We live on a quiet suburban street. Even the dogs bark _____.This is a dangerous road. Were driving _____ close to the shoulder.My friend Alice is a polite young woman. She asked _____ if she could borrow my boyfriend.The clown made a deep impression on my daughter. His sad smile touched her _____.I apologize for my foolish behavior. Yesterday I acted _____ in class.Ferdinands apology sounded sincere. He said he was _____ sorry for driving over your motorcycle with his tractor.I ordered a manual transmission. Are the windows operated _____?Shyla made a generous contribution to the Salvation Army. She gives _____ every year.This morning Gus had an accidental encounter with an ice cream van. He _____ backed his pick-up truck into the van.Marvin is a graceful infielder. He moves _____.This is an easy assignment. I expect to pass _____.Merdine is a brave woman. She _____ challenged the principal and the school board.There was a rapid change in the weather. The temperature dropped _____.I m troubled by my brothers strange behavior. Yesterday I heard him talking _____ to our cat. My father is a cautious man. When everyone else is upset, he speaks softly and acts _____. Exercise Answers   We live on a  quiet  suburban street. Even the dogs bark  quietly.This is a  dangerous  road. Were driving  dangerously  close to the shoulder.My friend Alice is a  polite  young woman. She asked  politely  if she could borrow my boyfriend.The clown made a  deep  impression on my daughter. His sad smile touched her  deeply.I apologize for my  foolish  behavior. Yesterday I acted  foolishly  in class.Ferdinands apology sounded  sincere. He said he was  sincerely  sorry for driving over your motorcycle with his tractor.I ordered a  manual  transmission. Are the windows operated  manually?Shyla made a  generous  contribution to the Salvation Army. She gives  generously  every year.This morning Gus had an  accidental  encounter with an ice cream van. He  accidentally  backed his pick-up truck into the van.Marvin is a  graceful  infielder. He moves  gracefully  when making a double play.This is an  easy  assignmen t. I expect to pass  easily.Merdine  is a  brave  woman. She  bravely  challenged the principal and the school board.There was a  rapid  change in the weather. The temperature dropped  rapidly. Im troubled by my brothers  strange  behavior. Yesterday I heard him talking  strangely  to our cat.My father is a  cautious  man. When everyone else is upset, he speaks softly and acts  cautiously.

Heat of Fusion Example Problem - Melting Ice

Heat of Fusion Example Problem - Melting Ice Heat of fusion is the amount of heat energy required to change the state of matter of a substance from a solid to a liquid. Its also known as enthalpy of fusion. Its units are usually Joules per gram (J/g) or calories per gram (cal/g). This example problem demonstrates how to calculate the amount of energy required to melt a sample of water ice. Key Takeaways: Heat of Fusion for Melting Ice Heat of fusion is the amount of energy in the form of heat that is needed to change the state of matter from a solid to a liquid (melting).The formula to calculate heat of fusion is: q m ·ÃŽâ€HfNote that the temperature does not actually change when matter changes state, so its not in the equation or needed for the calculation.Except for melting helium, heat of fusion is always a positive value. Heat of Fusion Problem - Melting Ice What is the heat in Joules required to melt 25 grams of ice? What is the heat in calories?Useful information: heat of fusion of water 334 J/g 80 cal/gSolution: In the problem, the heat of fusion is given. This isnt a number youre expected to know off the top of your head. There are chemistry tables that state common heat of fusion values.  To solve this problem, youll need the formula that relates heat energy to mass and heat of fusion:q m ·ÃŽâ€Hfwhereq heat energym massΔHf heat of fusion Keep in mind, temperature is not anywhere in the equation because it doesnt change when matter changes state. The equation is straightforward, so the key is to make sure youre using the right units for the answer. To get heat in Joules:q (25 g)x(334 J/g)q 8350 JIts just as easy to express the heat in terms of calories:q m ·ÃŽâ€Hfq (25 g)x(80 cal/g)q 2000 calAnswer:The amount of heat required to melt 25 grams of ice is 8350 Joules or 2000 calories. Note, heat of fusion should be a positive value (the exception is helium). If you get a negative number, check your math!

Management and Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management and Motivation - Essay Example A. As the workplace structure and workers themselves change, management faces the problem of how to motivate employees (Gerstner, 2002). Gerstner (2002) poses the questions of "How do you pull the levers of motivation to change the attitudes, behavior, and thinking of a population Different people are motivated by different things that may include money, career advancement, and recognition" (Gerstner, 2002). Effectively changing the attitudes, behavior, and thinking of workers demands that a manager knows what levers of motivation to pull in the first place. B. A global executive should provide leadership and direction to management levels according to business goals, mission, and vision. Global leaders and executives have certain characteristics and skills in order to succeed in the globalize world of business (Gregersen, Morrison, & Black, 1998). C. Knowing how to motivate well will enable managers to realize the full potential of each employee. Much literature about theories of motivation and work relate to the subject of inspiring employees to be their best (Gagne & Deci, 2005). D. This report will discuss motivation and how managers can use it for a better, more profitable, efficient workplace. This report will also explore the different theories, concepts, and practices managers can use to motivate employees. E. ... Much literature about theories of motivation and work relate to the subject of inspiring employees to be their best (Gagne & Deci, 2005). D. This report will discuss motivation and how managers can use it for a better, more profitable, efficient workplace. This report will also explore the different theories, concepts, and practices managers can use to motivate employees. E. A leader is a visionary who has the end goal in mind and can see the big picture. A leader is a motivator of his/her followers. There are a variety of leadership styles a leader may holds; what separate a leader from the rest are the traits they posses to succeed and the various background assumptions held true by the . Some of these traits may include intelligence, self-confidence, determination, integrity, and sociability (Cox, 2001). F. Executives are motivated by the goal and fits in the business component. S/he reacts rationally to external conditions and develops new ideas. This person holds superior information in regards to customer needs and company resources. A leader can visualize change and progress as well as the creation process. These leaders have certain characteristics such as creativity, innovativeness, and flexibility, posses certain leadership characteristics as high ethical standards, energy, prioritization skills, commitment, dedication, goal orientation, empathetic, and extroverted. Leaders adapt leadership styles accordingly in order to better create and develop new ideas or reform existing ones (Northouse, 2004). G. A manager's job is to get things done through employees, so knowing how to motivate employees is always a challenge that has never been easy and is not getting

Working for Community Gains Leader Recognition Essay

Working for Community Gains Leader Recognition - Essay Example This is the concern of many fire chiefs throughout the country and one that was shared with community leader Whitney Laning more than a year ago. Unlike many, though, Laning took action, learning what kind of help firefighters needed to provide the community with greater safety and moving forward to organize this support. For the past year, Laning has worked tirelessly to bring together the Rowlett Citizen Corps Council (RCCC), a nonprofit group dedicated to finding funding for the CERT program and equipment, and the Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) in the city. He was working to make the community a safer place for both citizens and emergency respondents, but his efforts were recently recognized in a big way. Laning was named one of the Five Outstanding Young Texans at a special black tie ceremony held in the state capital. â€Å"It was very rewarding and humbling to be in such company with these great folks that are doing such tremendous things around the country,† Laning said. Past recipients included George H.W. Bush in 1956 and Henry Cisneros in 1976. The primary program is the CERT program. This organization functions during normal emergency situations by providing canteen services to the firefighters – giving them cool drinks, food to help them keep up their strength and a cool place to rest when fighting a long-term fire. However, those trained in the CERT program are also able to jump in and lend a hand when required at times when emergency personnel is overwhelmed. â€Å"If we had a large scale disaster like a tornado come through here, it could be 24-72 hours before we received any kind of state of federal assistance. That’s where these citizens will be able to make a real difference,† said Fire Chief Larry Wright. As part of CERT, citizens are trained in first aid, damage assessment, evacuation procedures and even some light search and rescue. Laning’s leadership in these  programs has been instrumental in obtaining the multiple awards and recognitions each program has received to date, according to Greg and Lisa Peoples, the Junior Chamber of Commerce members who nominated Laning for the award.  Ã‚  

Social Welfare for Children in Kuwait Research Paper

Social Welfare for Children in Kuwait - Research Paper Example In general, the state is committed to providing the welfare of children as stipulated by the constitutional principles, as well as Kuwait’s international obligations under the conventions and treaties it has signed and ratified. Some of these treaties and conventions include the 1973’s International Labor Organization (ILO) Convention, which concerns the minimum age for admission to employment (No. 138), and the 1999’s ILO convention that concerns primary with the prohibition and immediate action for eliminating worst forms of child labor (no. 182). The government has taken the convention regarding the rights of children, and two optional protocol measures to protect the rising generation from any forms of exploitation, and spiritual or physical harm.   In addition, it guarantees a right to education, introduced free compulsory education, and delivers treatment as well as healthcare for infectious diseases. Therefore, the government has taken up a number of mea sures as discussed below in order to keep up with these principles (Worldmark Encyclopedia of Nations, 2007).   The government provides primary healthcare along with preventive services for children, in order to lower the mortality rates, and encourage healthy living behaviors. Furthermore, it also shields children from exposure to delinquency, neglect, bodily harm and infringements of their freedom through criminalizing such acts and imposing very high penalties on them (United Nations, 2011).   In order to deal with these.

Brown v. Board of Education and how it effects racial issues today in Essay

Brown v. Board of Education and how it effects racial issues today in socicity and politics - Essay Example The private places were defined as the areas such as the private means of transport and lodgings. The approach to the issue that the government adopted was indicative of the unwillingness of to intervene. The government claimed that the act of discriminating the entrance of the people into the areas was wrong. However, the wrongs were committed in a private capacity and there was nothing that the government could do to correct the trend. The famous case between Brown v. Board of education (1954) was the main cause of the changes that are manifested in the American learning arena today. The desegregation of the education system stemmed from the determination made on the case. However, the very act of desegregating the public learning system has led to the development of major issues in the current times that beg the question of how effective the recommendations were. The paper will also address the issue of the possible recurrence of segregation in the education sector and the stands of the major players in the society and the political arenas on the possibility. As the paper postulated earlier, there are chances that the recommendations that arose after the determination of the case between Brown v. Board of Education did not work well. The recommendations sought to eradicate the whole issue of discrimination that was evident in the early 20th century (Case 205). Various research conducted in the area have indicated that the people are leaning more towards the trend that was evident in the 1960. The schools have a majority of the students being the minority races and a few students are well. This means that the entire issue of the desegregation of the public schools did not work or at least the government was not sincere in the claim that it was working on the desegregation of the school. The issue of the segregation seems like it is alive in

Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Resources - Essay Example The resources for use in engineering range from the simple routine engineering articles, to the complex and field-specific publications that are authoritatively published, for adoption into different engineering fields. Such resources are a preserve of trained and professional engineers. Other than the usual simple article resources, engineering also applies technological resources as such design and programming software, as well as the virtual design tools, which are applied to model structures, products of the processes that the engineers want to produce, so that they can have a modeled sample for reference, when the actual design and construction is being undertaken (Hamen, 44). Therefore, while covering the subject of engineering and construction resources, it is inevitable to note that engineering resources are such diverse and widespread, such that it is practically impossible to cover each and every resource. The discussion of engineering resources can therefore take a selecti ve approach, based on the field of engineering, and the main resources applicable to the field. The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) is one of the major resource centers for engineering and construction professionals, whose history dates back over a century ago. It is a tax-exempt engineering professional body, whose mission and objective is to disburse the engineering knowledge as widely as possible, so that it can be accessed by those who require it (ASCE, 42). It is an engineering society that seeks to serve members, partners and the public at large, through providing them with essential values. It seeks to advance technology, while also promoting the learning of new technology use in the world, to facilitate the advancement for the common engineering good. The body therefore influences public policy, while also promoting professionalism that is meant to advance the place of engineering in the society, while also supporting the construction engineering leader, to advanc e the course for engineering in advocating for engineering and environmental stewardship (ASCE, 27). To achieve this course, the engineering body has undertaken the publication of various engineering materials, emerging as the world’s greatest publisher of engineering information. The engineering body produces its publication in 31 different categories, which accumulates to a total of 55,000 pages publication every single year (ASCE, 17). The engineering society avails its publication both in print and online, making the essential engineering information available to all interested parties, while also collaborating with the government and he policy makers to publish authoritative publications, which guide the engineering and construction practice the world over (ASCE, 55). Institution of Civil Engineers, (ICE) Bookshop is a major resource for engineering and construction worldwide. This body seeks to provide both informative and authoritative engineering and construction info rmation to engineering professionals globally (Institution of Civil Engineers, 22). The ICE Bookshop mainly specializes in the publication of multi-author reference works from renowned and qualified experts in the field of engineering and constructions, which includes the applicable guidelines, procedures, standards, codes and practices, which guides the operations of the engineering a

The Divided Kingdom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Divided Kingdom - Essay Example In Samaria which was the capital of Israel at the time, people fed on their children (2 Kings 6:25-30). According to Collins, for both Judah and Israel, the offences against God were: idol worship, religious syncretism, desecration of the temple with idols, a litany of social and economic injustices and moral decadence. All these problems persisted because of Israel and Judah’s failure to listen to God’s word which came through the prophets. Bad leadership may also have exacerbated this unfortunate state of affairs. All the kings of Israel were not faithful to YHWH, while the bad kings in Judah were Rehoboam (930-913 BC), Abijam (913-911 BC), Jehoram (848-841 BC), Ahaziah (841 BC), Queen Athaliah (841-835 BC), Uzziah (781-740 BC), Manasseh (697-642 BC), Amon (642-640 BC), Jehoahaz (609 BC), Jehoiakim (609-598 BC), Jehoiachin (598-597 BC), Zedekiah (597-586 BC). The good kings of Judah were Asa (11-870 BC), Jehoshaphat (870-848 BC), Jehoash (835-796 BC), Amaziah (796-781 BC), Jotham (740-736 BC), Hezekiah (716-687 BC) and Josiah (640-609 BC) (Collins, 75). Question 2: The history outlined in 1 and 2 Kings is a theological history rather than an accurate accounting of events because therein, the authors were interested in giving an explanation for the division of Israel into two; the reason for the captivity; and hope for the future, rather than an accurate blow-by-blow chronicles of events. The Deuteronomistic History clearly shows that both Judah and Israel succumbed to unfaithfulness to YHWH, and that total destruction of both empires was the appropriate punishment. Again, there are those who trace Deuteronomistic History back to the Babylonian Exile of 585 BC, as the place and time of authorship. The gravity behind this standpoint is that the authors of these books may have been written out of retrospection, and not at the time the actual events contained in Deuteronomistic History materialised. This is to the effect that writing from memory may not be as detailed as a writing which may have been composed at the actual time an incident happened. While this absence of much specific detail may accost the books in Deuteronomistic History, it is not to be misconstrued as to mean contradiction. Instead, details such as exact timeframes and more details concerning Judah are characteristically missing from Deuteronomistic History. Being in Babylon, the authorship behind the Deuteronomistic History may have written to explain the reason behind God’s people being in exile, in lieu of giving a blow-by-blow account on the details which built up, in the run-up to the Exile. In another wavelength, other theorists such as Thomas Romer, a French scholar, have come to see a distinct party of authors who may have had different views (Raymond, 130). 3: David and Solomon as Both Good and Evil Kings Both David and Solomon are remembered simultaneously as both good and evil kings because their regimes were marked with faithfulness and u nfaithfulness to God. The good exploits David and Solomon exacted emanated from faithfulness to God, while their negative acts were are a result of their unfaithfulness to God. David’s goodness is exemplified in the fact that he is the only king, who presided over a united Israel, transported the Ark of the Covenant from Shiloh to Jerusalem, established Jerusalem as Israel’s capital, drove away Israel’s enemies from Jerusalem and Israel, extended mercy to Mephibosheth (the house

Law judecial precedent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Law judecial precedent - Essay Example its merits and not on the merits of previously decided cases and on the other hand, the law of judicial precedent is important as part of the courts internal control mechanism. With the law judicial precedent, the courts are bound to follow what principles and interpretations of law have been previously set, thus whimsical and unfounded decisions can be avoided. Moreover, since there are now decided cases that may serve as basis in deciding the case at hand, we will have some ideas as to the possible outcome of the case. On the negative side, the existence of judicial precedent can hinder the delivery of justice. As in the case of R v Kansal (2002), the court considered itself as bound by its decision of the case of R v Lambert (2001) even if it knows that its decisions in that case is flawed. Situations like these presents big dilemma that could have some bearing on people’s perspective about the courts. Can the Court correct its flawed decisions even it is bound by the law of judicial precedent? Yes, the decisions of the Courts are not cast is stones and these decisions may be reversed, overruled or rejected under certain grounds. In the case of Young v Bristol Aeroplane Co Ltd (1944), the Court of Appeals said that it bound by its previous decision. Technically, the court is saying here that we have decided a case similar as this and unless there is a clear showing that the facts of case at bar contradicts that of the previously decided case, it has no choice but to follow the course of it previous decisions. The Court of Appeals in this case also provided three cases where it can overturn its previous decision and these conditions are as follows (1) where there is a conflict between two Court of Appeals decisions (2) where the decision is in conflict with the decisions made by the House of Lords and (3) where decision of the previous case is said to be given a per incuriam (a fin ding of want of care exist), the courts cannot decide the case at bar

Materials and Corrosion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Materials and Corrosion - Essay Example Crevice Corrosion Corrosion occurring within or adjacent to crevices, which are commonly left at joints, due to small volumes of stagnant corroding fluids is known as crevice corrosion. The most important feature of this type of corrosion is the contact with stagnant solution which takes place in interstices, near seals and in cervices made for nuts and rivet heads. The metals and alloys used in chemical plants and other industrial applications are covered with passive films of protective coatings in order to prevent contact with high concentrations of Cl- and H+ ions. When such places are left unclean for long durations after long usages of the plant, sand and other substances also get deposited near metals and alloys which prevent the proper application of protective coatings. In such a scenario the crevices and interstices are more likely to come in direct contact with corroding media. The corroding fluids which commonly contains high concentrations of chloride ion is likely to ge t accumulated in the crevices made for nuts, rivets or any other type of hole. The prolonged contact with such chemical fluids starts the oxidation of the metals. The direct contact with aerated chloride rich media creates a differential aeration cell which destroys the passivity of the material. The oxidized metal starts dissolving into the chemical which is in contact with the metal, in the presence of oxygen and the prolonged contact can corrode the material completely. The best way to prevent crevice corrosion is to prevent crevice corrosion is to prevent crevices. This can be done by using welds in place of bolts and rivets in joints. The design of various components should be done in such a way that there is always a drainage mechanism for the accumulating fluid so that the harmful corroding liquids do not come in contact with the metals for long duration of time. Other effective means of preventing crevice corrosion is the use of corrosion inhibitors and coatings, some of whi ch are discussed below. Inhibitors 1. VpCl-337 which is a vapor phase corrosion inhibitor is also very effective for preventing crevice corrosion. The crevices are fogged by the material and thus large areas of material are coated against corrosion. 2. Ecoline 3690 which is a biodegradable and bio based inhibitor is also very effective for using for crevice corrosion prevention because of its ability to displace moisture and provide protection against aggressive environments. It is very suitable for use in marine environment and high humidity conditions. 3. VCI (Vapor Corrosion Inhibitor) Foam is also a very useful inhibitor for preventing crevice corrosion. It can be used in the form of a foam pad cut into the size of the space where it is to be used. It is very easy to apply as compared to other vapor inhibitors. 4. VCI 2000 is particularly useful in pipes as it can be applied on the crevices on pipes during fabrication. Protective Coatings 1. The most commonly used coating for cr evice corrosion is a mixture of PdO and TiO which is applied in the form of a 0.4 pm thick coating. The mixture is found effective in all kinds of conditions where there is a prolonged contact with chemical fluids. 2. Another coating which is present with a brand name of Reactive Gel (RG 2400) is also suitable for prevention of crevice